Organizational silence is one of the prevalent phenomena in public organizations. Organizational silence has been considered by many researches. The innovation of this research is in examining the possibility of using employees’ empowerment strategies in breaking it. Hence, the purpose of this study is to design a paradigm model of organizational silence with emphasis on the Strategic role of employee’ s empowerment in its breaking in public organizations. This study is developmental-applied in terms of purpose employing mixed-method strategy. In the qualitative phase, using grounded theory methodology, 17 university professors and 20 managers in National Iranian Oil Company were interviewed. Findings identified 6 types of silence including conservative, protesting, altruistic, utilitarian, hopeless, and passive. As well, findings show 6 strategies based on empowerment approach to break organizational silence. In the quantitative phase, in order to validate the model, the structural equation modeling and smartPLS software were employed. For this purpose, the questionnaire distributed among 185 managers and human resource management specialists randomly selected in the National Iranian Oil Company. The coefficient of determination for organizational silence, strategies, and consequences is respectively 0. 458, 0. 523, 0. 588. Finally, the results show that silence in public organizations is a multifaceted, complicated phenomenon and employee’ s-empowerment based strategies are needed to break it.

This research explores political and media silence as a Strategic communication device in political speeches, media interviews, and online media, using a multi-dimensional research methodology involving discourse analysis, acoustic recordings, and perception surveys. Through discourse analysis of a large dataset including 300 hours of political speeches, 200 media interviews, and 50 hours of online media, the research maps silence as a strong, convincing, and ideological device. Political speeches use longer but less frequent pauses for rhetorical effect while media interviews use shorter but more frequent silences in an attempt to evade uncomfortable questions. silence in new media is found as a means of algorithmic manipulation. Surveys in six countries show large differences in how silence is understood; American respondents identify it as Strategic while Japanese respondents consider it evasive or cheating. Hiding behind conventional linguistic theories assuming silence is a communicative absence, this research posits instead that silence is an active and discourse-dependent discourse device. Implications in media literacy and internet governance are also outlined with a call for greater openness in algorithmic modulations and a rhetorical awareness of silence.  

One of the most interesting topics in Islamic and Western Philosophy is to determine the boundaries and limits of reason in knowing the real world. Following the existential limits of reason in knowing the reality, we come to its limits in announcing and asserting the facts. In this article, by appealing to the authorized criterions, I try to show both the cognitive and the assertive limits of reason and, thus, to determine the realm of necessary silence of reason about the objects of the world. However, the realm and object of necessary silence of reason is attainable to rational speech in a specific way. The structure of the reason and the special character of the objects allow that rational speech and rational silence come together without causing contradiction.

Wittgenstein subscribed to picture theory of meaning in Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. According to this theory, we are only allowed to talk about state of affairs and whatever belongs to natural science meaningfully. Beyond natural sciences which consist of ethics, logic, religion, mathematics.. .nothing can be said, semantically speaking. According to Wittgenstein, the main task of philosophy is to clarify the distinction between saying and showing: What cannot be talked about, we must pass over in silence.In this article, firstly, picture theory of meaning is explained. Secondly, different accounts of the very idea of silence which is cited in the last section of Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus are presented as follow: neutral silence, negative silence, mystical silence and therapeutic silence.

This article analyses the experience of Kurdish women's silence based on their understanding and interpretation of gender and their position in the fields of work, family, and education. The aim is to show the social and semantic complexities of the phenomenon of Kurdish women‘ silence. It has been conducted, using theoretical sampling and individual interviews with 20 Kurdish women, as well as focus interviews in a group of six, in the framework of interpretive-constructivist approach and the thematic analysis technique. The results have been framed under the two main themes of hegemonic and Strategic silence, along with sub-themes. They show that women give different meanings to their silence by remaining mute in different situations while using various strategies. The consequences of each of these types of silence can include those silences that re-establish or disrupt the hegemonic meanings of gender and domination. The study shows that the experience of silence lies in a range of subjugation on the one hand, and subjectivity and agency on the other. Moreover, the boundary between victim and agent cannot be considered a clear and inflexible one.

According to the public and the critics, Chaharshanbe Souri is one of the most successful screened films in 2006. Since every artistic work carries a piece of truth this essay is to clarify the philosophical foundations of the film and illuminates its truth content. Chaharshanbe Souri is itself a reflection on this foundation and its resulting impact upon the individual and social life. Discourse of "Science" in the last two decades has claimed that it could manage Iranian's individual and social problems. And Chaharshanbe Souri is a reflection on this claim. Here the author is to examine role of science and power in Iranians everyday life in these two decades through underlining this reflection.

One of the problems, which are studied in Islamic Jurisprudence and has obtained many disputations on it is the problem of silence of defendant. Whenever a person sets forth a claim to a judge the judge requests the defendant to state his or her opinion about the claim. If the defendant replies to the request, he either denies the claim or accepts it. So there would be two react each of which has its own litigation. But there is another supposition; the defendant may by silent; He may neither deny nor accept the claim. What the judge can do in such a situation? Here in this article the question at hand will be studied upon the principles of Islamic Jurisprudence. Therefore first we will explain the question, and then we will study the Jurist's deferent answers to the question. Finally we will come to our solution to the problem